THEORY OF GENDER STUDIES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CONTEMPORARY CONDUCTING PROFESSION

Abstract

The article examines the influence of gender stereotypes on the professional activity of conductors in the classical music environment. Gender is considered a socially constructed system of roles, norms, and expectations, shaped by historical, cultural, and social contexts, which determine perceptions of the "suitability" of men and women for the profession of a conductor. Particular attention is given to analyzing the barriers faced by female conductors, including limited access to leadership positions, stereotypes regarding their competence, authority, and leadership style. Historical and contemporary examples of female conductors are examined, demonstrating ways of overcoming social limitations and the gradual shift in attitudes toward female leadership in classical music. Among them are Josephine Amann-Weinlich, Mary Wurm, Antonia Brico, Ethel Leginska, Nadia Boulanger, Sara Caldwell, Yevheniia Shabaltina, Alisa Vidulina, as well as contemporary internationally recognized conductors such as Oksana Lyniv, Natalia Ponomarchuk, Victoria Zhadko, and others. These examples illustrate how perseverance, professionalism, and the support of inclusive practices enable women to overcome stereotypes, gain recognition, and contribute to the development of conducting culture. The author emphasizes that understanding socially constructed notions of masculinity and femininity makes it possible to develop practical strategies for overcoming gender barriers. Such strategies include the implementation of inclusive educational and professional practices, promotion of female leadership, creation of an open cultural discourse on equal opportunities, and showcasing successful historical and contemporary examples of female conductors. The analytical approach proposed in the article facilitates a deeper understanding of the interaction between gender and the professional activity of conductors, allowing the identification of mechanisms of social discrimination and ways to overcome it within the musical community. The results of the study may be useful for scholars, music educators, practitioners in music education, and professional musicians who aim to develop equal opportunities, an inclusive professional environment, and awareness of the social influence of gender stereotypes on professional careers. The study confirms that the traditional perception of a conductor as a "male" leader creates double standards in evaluating competence, whereby traits traditionally considered "feminine" are positively perceived in men but interpreted as weaknesses in women. In this context, the gradual democratization of the professional sphere, the increasing number of female conductors, and the rethinking of gender roles in musical culture are key factors in overcoming barriers and promoting equal professional development.